This concept has been dated to the 12th century and, according to John of Salisbury, is attributed to Bernard of Chartres. It is a metaphor of dwarfs standing on the shoulders of giants ( Latin: nani gigantum humeris insidentes) and expresses the meaning of "discovering truth by building on previous discoveries". The phrase " standing on the shoulders of giants" is a metaphor which means "using the understanding gained by major thinkers who have gone before in order to make intellectual progress". In Greek mythology, the blind giant Orion carried his servant Cedalion on his shoulders to see for him. For other uses, see Standing on the shoulders of giants (disambiguation) and On the Shoulders of Giants.
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